Newspapers Set Texts
Tabloids: (Daily Mirror)
'Popular' press
Aimed at a lower social class (C2, D and E)
Bold layout with a coloured masthead and a bold typeface. Easy to read with large and dramatic pictures
Shorter articles with more pictures and it includes less in-depth reporting
Puns and jokes incorporated into the headlines
More focus on human interest stories such as celebrity gossip
Use of gimmicks such as bingo games, free travel tickets and phone in surveys.
Polysemy: Not everything has a single meaning. One of the best ways of applying Media theory, is through suggesting two or more possible meanings.
In creating a newspaper, producers typically attempt to avoid polysemic readings. The process of forcing an audience into a particular reading is called anchoring.
Anchorage: the 'fixing' of a particular meaning to a media text, often through the use of captions.
Bias: Having a particular belief about one side of an argument and not considering the other side of the argument. It is the prejudice against one person or group, especially in a way that could be considered unfair.
Agenda: The underlying intentions or motives of a particular person or group.
Bias can be presented through:
Selection and omission
Placement
Headline
Photos, captions and camera angle
use of names and titles
Statistics and crowd counts
Source control
Word choice and tone.
Broadsheets: (The Times)
Quality, formal, serious press
Aimed at a higher social class
Plainer layout with a subtle and smaller image and typeface suggesting readers will take more effort to read it
Longer and more detailed articles
Serious headlines
More focus on politics and international news.
In what ways can newspapers incorporate viewpoints and ideologies?
Newspapers often use many different tactics to convey their viewpoints and ideologies through the use of images, lexis, anchorage, dominant ideology and audience negotiation. This is to try and expose as many people as possible to their way of thinking and spread their ideologies.
I think that some ways that newspapers can incorporate viewpoints and ideologies is with the uses of images in their articles. I know this because in The Daily Mirror they were reporting on the death of a child in London. I think that they have incorporated their viewpoints through images because it is clear to the audience that they are trying to portray the parents as bad because their is a main image of a baby looking scared and sad on the front page of the newspaper. In a much smaller picture they have used an image of the parents hugging each other and looking happy. The reason that I think this is spreading their viewpoint is because it makes the parents seem as if they are preoccupied with each other rather than looking after the baby like they should be doing.
Furthermore, The Daily Mirror has used lexis to convey their ideologies because they have described a lot of aspects of the story as "horror", a "grim scene" and they have incorporated language such as "screaming" throughout. This helps to build an unsettling tone and it helps the audience to appreciate the severity of the crime. Moreover, as they have described most things with an adjective to demonstrate how bad they are when it comes to describing the parents of the child they just say "parents". This is effective because it is trying to dehumanise and discredit the parents of the child as much as possible by describing them in a very bland and dull way. The reason for this is to convey their ideology that the parents are really bad and it is their fault for the incident. This is because the father is a suspect for the crime and as a result The Daily Mirror are trying to dehumanise him as much as possible. The fact that there is no adjective describing them also shows that they are saying that they don't really deserve to be called parents as it is like they are just loosely branding them with the term.
Many newspapers use dominant ideology to help to convey their viewpoints and ideas to a wide audience. They do this by reporting on a subject in a way that they know a lot of people would like. For example, news outlets such as the The Daily Mirror know that a lot of people can be racist and, especially with the problem of Brexit, they know that when you report on something a foreign person has done many people can say racist things about it. Another dominant ideology could be mental health because even without realising it many people could have a bias towards someone with a mental issue. This means that when big news companies such as The Daily Mirror report on an incident of a toddler being killed they can slip in a quote such as "I think he has mental problems" from someone who knew the suspect. This relates to the dominant ideology because it shows that The Daily Mirrors ideology could be negative towards people with mental health issues as they could be saying that the reason for the attack was because the suspect has mental issues. Stuart Hall's Reception theory also helps the newspapers to convey their viewpoints because he came up with the idea that the audience can have negotiated reading which is when the audience partially agrees with the dominant reading of the text. This is relevant because the newspaper can encode the meaning into their work such as The Daily Mirror hinting that the reason for the crime could have been because of the suspect having mental issues and the audience can decode this and get what they want out of it. For example, they could agree that part of the reason that the man attacked the child was because of his mental issues but they could argue that it is unfair to prosecute someone for being mentally ill. This helps newspapers to spread their viewpoints because it gets people talking about the newspaper and provokes discussion about the newspapers ideologies.
News outlets such as The Times can use anchorage to distribute their viewpoints and ideologies by including captions underneath their images. The reason for doing this is to help to make the audience come to a forced conclusion about the image. This is because the caption of an image can change the meaning of just the image by itself. This means that when the times captions an image of a policeman going into a house "Police at the scene after a boy aged one was allegedly murdered" they are showing that their viewpoints a mainly balanced and unbiased because they have used words such as "allegedly" which shows that they are not jumping to conclusions about the murder.
To conclude, I would say that newspapers can incorporate their viewpoints and ideologies by manipulating images and stories to suit what they think about the issue being discussed in the article. This is achieved by taking quotes and images out of context to make people look bad and attaching their own thoughts to an image through the use of anchorage to help to change peoples views about that picture and, therefore, make the audience succumb to the newspapers ideas.
'Popular' press
Aimed at a lower social class (C2, D and E)
Bold layout with a coloured masthead and a bold typeface. Easy to read with large and dramatic pictures
Shorter articles with more pictures and it includes less in-depth reporting
Puns and jokes incorporated into the headlines
More focus on human interest stories such as celebrity gossip
Use of gimmicks such as bingo games, free travel tickets and phone in surveys.
Polysemy: Not everything has a single meaning. One of the best ways of applying Media theory, is through suggesting two or more possible meanings.
In creating a newspaper, producers typically attempt to avoid polysemic readings. The process of forcing an audience into a particular reading is called anchoring.
Anchorage: the 'fixing' of a particular meaning to a media text, often through the use of captions.
Bias: Having a particular belief about one side of an argument and not considering the other side of the argument. It is the prejudice against one person or group, especially in a way that could be considered unfair.
Agenda: The underlying intentions or motives of a particular person or group.
Bias can be presented through:
Selection and omission
Placement
Headline
Photos, captions and camera angle
use of names and titles
Statistics and crowd counts
Source control
Word choice and tone.
Broadsheets: (The Times)
Quality, formal, serious press
Aimed at a higher social class
Plainer layout with a subtle and smaller image and typeface suggesting readers will take more effort to read it
Longer and more detailed articles
Serious headlines
More focus on politics and international news.
In what ways can newspapers incorporate viewpoints and ideologies?
Newspapers often use many different tactics to convey their viewpoints and ideologies through the use of images, lexis, anchorage, dominant ideology and audience negotiation. This is to try and expose as many people as possible to their way of thinking and spread their ideologies.
I think that some ways that newspapers can incorporate viewpoints and ideologies is with the uses of images in their articles. I know this because in The Daily Mirror they were reporting on the death of a child in London. I think that they have incorporated their viewpoints through images because it is clear to the audience that they are trying to portray the parents as bad because their is a main image of a baby looking scared and sad on the front page of the newspaper. In a much smaller picture they have used an image of the parents hugging each other and looking happy. The reason that I think this is spreading their viewpoint is because it makes the parents seem as if they are preoccupied with each other rather than looking after the baby like they should be doing.
Furthermore, The Daily Mirror has used lexis to convey their ideologies because they have described a lot of aspects of the story as "horror", a "grim scene" and they have incorporated language such as "screaming" throughout. This helps to build an unsettling tone and it helps the audience to appreciate the severity of the crime. Moreover, as they have described most things with an adjective to demonstrate how bad they are when it comes to describing the parents of the child they just say "parents". This is effective because it is trying to dehumanise and discredit the parents of the child as much as possible by describing them in a very bland and dull way. The reason for this is to convey their ideology that the parents are really bad and it is their fault for the incident. This is because the father is a suspect for the crime and as a result The Daily Mirror are trying to dehumanise him as much as possible. The fact that there is no adjective describing them also shows that they are saying that they don't really deserve to be called parents as it is like they are just loosely branding them with the term.
Many newspapers use dominant ideology to help to convey their viewpoints and ideas to a wide audience. They do this by reporting on a subject in a way that they know a lot of people would like. For example, news outlets such as the The Daily Mirror know that a lot of people can be racist and, especially with the problem of Brexit, they know that when you report on something a foreign person has done many people can say racist things about it. Another dominant ideology could be mental health because even without realising it many people could have a bias towards someone with a mental issue. This means that when big news companies such as The Daily Mirror report on an incident of a toddler being killed they can slip in a quote such as "I think he has mental problems" from someone who knew the suspect. This relates to the dominant ideology because it shows that The Daily Mirrors ideology could be negative towards people with mental health issues as they could be saying that the reason for the attack was because the suspect has mental issues. Stuart Hall's Reception theory also helps the newspapers to convey their viewpoints because he came up with the idea that the audience can have negotiated reading which is when the audience partially agrees with the dominant reading of the text. This is relevant because the newspaper can encode the meaning into their work such as The Daily Mirror hinting that the reason for the crime could have been because of the suspect having mental issues and the audience can decode this and get what they want out of it. For example, they could agree that part of the reason that the man attacked the child was because of his mental issues but they could argue that it is unfair to prosecute someone for being mentally ill. This helps newspapers to spread their viewpoints because it gets people talking about the newspaper and provokes discussion about the newspapers ideologies.
News outlets such as The Times can use anchorage to distribute their viewpoints and ideologies by including captions underneath their images. The reason for doing this is to help to make the audience come to a forced conclusion about the image. This is because the caption of an image can change the meaning of just the image by itself. This means that when the times captions an image of a policeman going into a house "Police at the scene after a boy aged one was allegedly murdered" they are showing that their viewpoints a mainly balanced and unbiased because they have used words such as "allegedly" which shows that they are not jumping to conclusions about the murder.
To conclude, I would say that newspapers can incorporate their viewpoints and ideologies by manipulating images and stories to suit what they think about the issue being discussed in the article. This is achieved by taking quotes and images out of context to make people look bad and attaching their own thoughts to an image through the use of anchorage to help to change peoples views about that picture and, therefore, make the audience succumb to the newspapers ideas.
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