How does the front cover of the set edition of Woman reflect the socio-historical context in which it was made?

How have new digital technologies affected how the online media industry is regulated? (15 or 30 marks)

Regulation: Sonia Livingstone and Peter Lunt:
The increasing power of global media corporations, together with the rise of convergent media technologies and transformations in the production, distribution and marketing of digital media, have placed traditional approaches to media regulation at risk.

Regulation of online media in ineffective and difficult to enforce.

• The introduction of social media and platforms such as YouTube means that they rely on self regulation or creators. YouTube relies on creators to regulate themselves with the incentive of money.  
• Anybody can click that they are over a certain age on things like catch up tv.
• Increasing power of tech companies.
• More digital convergence of industries - new forms of media making it hard to regulate.
• Globalised internet - VPN can be used to bypass blocks.
• Lack of unifying regulatory body for online media.
• Move to advertising and commercial interest.
• Tailored algorithms/demonetisation.
• Lack of protection from harmful content.   
• Advertising standards agency relatively powerless.
• Zoella-blurring advertising and reality.
• Attitude - IPSO

Intro - 

Define regulation (Rules and restrictions every media product must follow in order to protect vulnerable people.)

Purpose of regulation:

Society needs to be protected from the effects of potentially harmful media forms.

Vulnerable people e.g children need protection from exposure to harmful content.

BBFC, PEGI etc are regulatory bodies designed to protect vulnerable people. 

Issues with regulation of online media:

Main argument - it's ineffective 

Regulation: Sonia Livingstone and Peter Lunt:

The idea that the increasing power of global media corporations, together with the rise of convergent media technologies and transformations in the production, distribution and marketing of digital media, have placed traditional approaches to media regulation at risk.

What has changed in terms of regulation:

The ways in which audiences consume the media has changed radically in the past two decades as the result of computer, internet, the world wide web and technological convergence. 

Digital natives it is a societal norm nowadays for all of us.

Technological convergence is the coming together of information and communication technologies to create new ways of producing, distributing and using knowledge, information and entertainment. 

Henry Jenkins (2006) termed it as the Black Box essentially a device which supplies us with all our ICT/media requirements. 

One box/multi-media hub is now available for most audiences. 

Large proportions of audiences are using these black boxes and multi-media hubs means that our consumption is more global than ever.

Such globalisation of media consumption online has arguably risked the classifications and guidelines of the regulators. 

This makes such governmental control difficult to enforce innate globalised nature of the internet. 

It is also difficult for online media regulation to work because;

The global nature of the internet means that it is very difficult for any individual nation to take effective action. What might be regulated in one country could be circumvented by simply accessing sites constructed in other parts of the world.

No one organisation controls the internet making it difficult to hold individual organisations to account when mistakes or content issues are raised. Moreover, even if an organisation is forced to censor content, it is almost impossible to erase the material from the net. 

The internet is now dominated by a few powerful tech companies, that far from operating as a democratising influence, the internet monetises our personal data into advertising opportunities.

Traditional media providers have migrated content to internet based platforms, curtailing the net's capacity to open up media distribution to smaller providers. 

Emphasis on power and profit rather than protecting vulnerable audiences.

Advertising standards agency:

The ASA is alarmed by the growing number of complaints received concerning covert advertising and product placement on social media platforms. Complaints relate to social media starts, also called media influencers who receive payments to promote products via their social media accounts. For example, Zoella.

The ASA us concerned that young audiences might be most at risk. The heavy use of social media by younger audiences makes them particularly vulnerable. The ASA also imply that younger viewers don't have the necessary viewing experience needed to be able to detect product placement when it occurs. 

Young viewers at risk of exploitation. 

YouTube is impossible to regulate so algorithms are used to control content.

They have responded to a lack of regulation by creating automated systems to detect sensitive content and extreme material.  The use of such algorithms has affected YouTubers globally, with content identified as sensitive resulting in the demonetisation of their uploads. 

Ineffective

Attitude online - regulated by IPSO 

Ineffective regulation because you can just click a button to say you are over 18. 

The growth of a new global